IMPLEMENTATION OF PARENT COMPANY'S LIABILITY FOR BANKRUPTCY EXPERIENCED BY SUBSIDIARY: CASE IN INDONESIA
УДК 343.535 ББК 65.291.931
Ключевые слова:
группа компаний, ответственность материнской компании, банкротство дочерней компании
Аннотация
Ответственность материнской компании за банкротство ее дочерней компании не была четкоурегулирована ни в Законе о компаниях, ни в Законе о банкротстве, действующих в Индонезии. Этотправовой вакуум вызывает разногласия среди судей при оценке отношений между материнской компанией и ее дочерней компанией в качестве основы для реализации ответственности материнскойкомпании за банкротство ее дочерних компаний. В этом исследовании были выявлены случаи, когда судья считал, что материнская компания не несет ответственности за убытки или банкротствоее дочерней компании на том основании, что две компании были отдельными субъектами. Междутем в другом деле судья считал, что материнская компания и ее дочерняя компания были единымэкономическим субъектом, а между двумя компаниями существовали особые отношения, поэтомуматеринская компания несла ответственность за банкротство ее дочерней компании. В этой связиавторы считают, что необходимо внести в закон положения в отношении групповой компании, специально регулирующие ответственность материнской компании за банкротство ее дочерней компании, чтобы гарантировать правовую определенность и обеспечить правовую защиту всем заинтересованным сторонам.
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Литература
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Altieri, M., & Nicodano, G. (2002). Business Groups: Are They More Efficient than Conglomerates and Stand-Alone Units? SSRN Electronic Journal, January 2002. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn. 2667685
Babatunde Onakoya, A., & Olotu, A. E. (2017). International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues Bankruptcy and Insolvency: An Exploration of Relevant Theories. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7 (3), 706–712. https://www.econjournals.com/index. php/ijefi/article/view/4652.
Bachmid, M. (2021). Liability of The Holding Company For Unlawful Actions in Group Companies (Case Study of Supreme Court Decision Number 89 Pk/ Pdt/2010 Concerning Violations of Distribution). Unram Law Review, 5 (1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.29303/ulrev. v5i1.134
Bloomberg. (n. d.). Great River International Tbk PT. Retrieved December 23, 2023, from https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/GRIV: I
Budiono, D., & Talia, M. C. (2023). Limited Liability Company’s Status After Insolvency: Dissolution or Rehabilitation? Pandecta, 18 (2), 280–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v18i2.48203
Dau, L. A., Morck, R., & Yeung, B. Y. (2021). Business groups and the study of international business: A Coasean synthesis and extension. Journal of International Business Studies, 52 (2), 161–211. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267–020–00395-x
Devi, R. S., Simbolon, N. Y., Sinaga, L. V., & Yasid, M. (2022). The Bankruptcy Legal Politics in Indonesia based on Justice Value. Jurnal Akta, 9 (1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.30659/akta. v9i1.20842
Edmiston, K. D. (2011). The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development. SSRN Electronic Journal, 73–97. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn. 993821
Fujita, K., & Yamada, A. (2022). Conflicts Between Parent Company and Non-Controlling Shareholders in Stakeholder-Oriented Corporate Governance: Evidence From Japan. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 23 (2), 263–283. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem. 2022.16060
Hadi Shubhan, M. (2019). Deconstructing Simple Evidence in Bankruptcy Petition for Legal Certainty. Indonesia Law Review, 9 (2), 66–108. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev. v9n2.527
Hidayat, A., Abas, M., & Purwana, D. (2023). Juridical Review of Bankruptcy Conditions and Delay of Debt Repayment Obligations. Awang Long Law Review, 6 (1), 231–236. https://doi.org/10.56301/awl.v6i1.992
Indonesia. (1847). Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang. Retrievedfromhttps://jdih.mahkamahagung.go.id/legal-product/kitab-undang-undang-hukum-dagang/detail.
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Indonesia. (2004). Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang. Retrievedfromhttps://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/40784.
Indonesia. (2007). Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Retrievedfromhttps://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/39965.
Indonesia. (2023). Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2023 tentang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan. Retrievedfromhttps://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/240203/uu-no-4-tahun-2023.
Kartoningrat, R. B., & Krisharyanto, E. (2023). Principles of Statutory Duty and Fiduciary Duty in The Responsibility of The Bankruptcy Curator. Media Iuris, 6 (2), 205–230. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v6i2.37738
Karundeng, M. S. (2015). Akibat Hukum Terhadap Penjatuhan Pailit Pada Perseroan Terbatas (PT). Lex Et Societatis, 3 (4), 181–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35796/les. v3i4.8380
Kusbianto. (2019). Penelusuran dan Dokumentasi Hukum Ekonomi. Jurnal Bisnis Net, 2 (3), 24–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46576/bn. v2i3.422
Long, Y. (2020). The Fundamental Need of Reform in Company Law in England: Parent Company's Liability for Debt of Insolvent Subsidiary. Journal of Finance Research, 4 (2), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.26549/jfr. v4i2.5511
Mahkamah Agung. (1998). Putusan Nomor: 01 K/N/1998. Retrievedfromhttps://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/11905/mahkamah-agung-nomor-1-kn1998/history/.
Mahkamah Agung (2010). Putusan Nomor: 1038K/Pdt. Sus/2010. Retrievedfromhttps://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/e627826fbd1726dd0d7b718721040314.
Makmur, S. (2018). Penerapan Undang-Undang Kepailitan dalam Menciptakan Iklim Berusaha Yang Sehat Bagi Seluruh Pelaku Usaha. Ajudikasi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 2 (1), 97–115. https://doi.org/10.30656/ajudikasi. v2i1.599
Manikoe, A. I., Muhammad, A., & Pahlevi, R. (2023). Pengajuan Penundaan Pembayaran Utang Oleh PT. Petro Oil Tools Terhadap PT. Asia Petrocom Service. Jurnal Krisna Law, 5 (1), 97–108. https://ejournal.hukumunkris.id/index. php/krisnalaw/article/view/244
Marzuki, P. M. (2015). Penelitian Hukum Edisi Revisi. Prenadamedia Group.
Murphy, D. (1998). Holding Company Liability for Debts of its Subsidiaries: Corporate Governance Implications. Bond Law Review, 10 (2), 241–272. https://doi.org/10.53300/001c. 5317
Nasir, G. A. (2017). KEKOSONGAN HUKUM & PERCEPATAN PERKEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT. Jurnal Hukum Replik, 5 (2), 172. https://doi.org/10.31000/jhr. v5i2.925
Nugraheni, P. D. (2020). Legal Analysis of Shareholders as an Organ of The Company Viewed From Commercial Code. Law and Justice, 5 (2), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.23917/laj. v5i2.9808
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (n. d.). PT Inti Fasindo International (INFI). Retrieved August 27, 2023, from https://ojk.go.id/id/kanal/pasar-modal/Daftar Perusahaan/DPKJ/Perusahaan Perdagangan dan Perhubungan/PT Inti Fasindo International (INFI).pdf
Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial pada Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat. (2007). Putusan Nomor: 40/G/PHI.PN.JKT.PST.Retrievedfromhttps://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28034/putusanpengadi an-hubungan-industrial-nomor-40gphipnjktpst/.
Pengadilan Niaga Jakarta Pusat. (1998). Putusan Nomor 05/Pailit/1998/PN. Niaga/ Jkt. Pst. Retrievedfromhttps://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/12127/putusan-pengadilanniaga-jakarta-pusat-nomor-5-pailit-1998-pnniaga-jktpst/.
Petrin, M., & Choudhury, B. (2018). Group Company Liability. European Business Organization Law Review, 19 (4), 771–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40804–018–0121–7
Purnama, V., Suryanti, N., & Rahmawati, E. (2023). Kedudukan dan Tanggung Jawab Induk Perusahaan Terhadap Pailitnya Anak Perusahaan. Mimbar Keadilan, 16 (1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.30996/mk.v16i1.6980
Purwanti, D. (2023). Company Group Affiliations and Corporate Bond Yield Spread: Study Non-financial Companies. Syntax Literate; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 7 (11), 16993–17008. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate. v7i9.14041
Ramsay, S. (2022). PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN DIREKSI ATAS KERUGIAN PERSEROAN DALAM PERUSAHAAN GRUP. JUSTISI, 8 (3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.33506/jurnaljustisi. v8i3.1823
Rasyidi, A. F. (2022). Private Limited Company in Indonesian Positive Law: Elaborating The Basic Concept of Corporate Law, Comparison to Other Countries and Its Development. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 22 (4), 465–482. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure. 2022. v22.465–482
SGPBusiness. (n. d.). CHUAN SOON HUAT INDUSTRIAL GROUP LTD. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.sgpbusiness.com/company/Chuan-Soon-Huat-Industrial-Group-Ltd
Simbolon, M. M., & Sitorus, Y. F. (2024). Ratio Legis of Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations to Fulfil Creditors» Rights. Jurnal Kajian Pembaruan Hukum, 4 (1), 121. https://doi.org/10.19184/jkph. v4i1.46303
Sjahdeini, S. R. (2009). Hukum Kepailitan: Memahami Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan. Pustaka Utama Grafiti.
Sufiarina, S., Ali, M., Mufrina, M., Maulana, A., & Tia, H. F. (2023). Legal Dynamics of Limited Liability Companies: Unveiling the Power of Commissioners and Shareholders to Take Legal Action Against Directors» Negligence. Unnes Law Journal, 9 (2), 265–288. https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj. v9i2.75526
Sulistiowati. (2012). Extension of Parent Company's Liability Against Third Parties of Subsidiary Company. Mimbar Hukum — Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada, Edisi Khus (1), 40–58. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh. 16156
Sulistiowati. (2013). Tanggung Jawab Hukum Pada Perusahaan Grup di Indonesia. Penerbit Erlangga.
Supramono, G. (2007). Kedudukan Perusahaan Sebagai Subjek Hukum Dalam Gugatan Perdata. Rineka Cipta.
Suryati, S., Sardana, L., & Disurya, R. (2022). Legal Analysis of Limited Company Which Was Submitted to Bankruptcy. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah Dan Masyarakat, 22 (1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani. v22i1.10801
Tempo. (n. d.). Sunjoto Tanudjaja, Harianto Solichin dll. Retrieved December 23, 2023, from https://www.datatempo.co/foto/detail/P0901200400304/sunjoto-tanudjaja-harianto-solichin-dll#:~:text=Presiden Direktur (Presdir) PT Great, kiri) %2C dan Direktur Keuangan PT
Widijowati, R. D., & Darmawan, H. (2020). Criminal Liability of Corporate Shareholders. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 5 (20), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc. 520004
Yuhelson & Maryono. (2018). The Priority Distribution of Wealth the Debtor's Bankrupt (Boedel Bankruptcy) Towards Separatist and Preferential of Creditor Based on Principles of Fairness and Legal. The Southeast Asia Law Journal, 2 (1), 1. https://doi.org/10.31479/salj. v2i1.66
Zhang, W. (2022). Liability of the Parent Company of MNEs for the Debts of Its Subsidiaries. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, 13–19. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss. v1i. 623
Altieri, M., & Nicodano, G. (2002). Business Groups: Are They More Efficient than Conglomerates and Stand-Alone Units? SSRN Electronic Journal, January 2002. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn. 2667685
Babatunde Onakoya, A., & Olotu, A. E. (2017). International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues Bankruptcy and Insolvency: An Exploration of Relevant Theories. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7 (3), 706–712. https://www.econjournals.com/index. php/ijefi/article/view/4652.
Bachmid, M. (2021). Liability of The Holding Company For Unlawful Actions in Group Companies (Case Study of Supreme Court Decision Number 89 Pk/ Pdt/2010 Concerning Violations of Distribution). Unram Law Review, 5 (1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.29303/ulrev. v5i1.134
Bloomberg. (n. d.). Great River International Tbk PT. Retrieved December 23, 2023, from https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/GRIV: I
Budiono, D., & Talia, M. C. (2023). Limited Liability Company’s Status After Insolvency: Dissolution or Rehabilitation? Pandecta, 18 (2), 280–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v18i2.48203
Dau, L. A., Morck, R., & Yeung, B. Y. (2021). Business groups and the study of international business: A Coasean synthesis and extension. Journal of International Business Studies, 52 (2), 161–211. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267–020–00395-x
Devi, R. S., Simbolon, N. Y., Sinaga, L. V., & Yasid, M. (2022). The Bankruptcy Legal Politics in Indonesia based on Justice Value. Jurnal Akta, 9 (1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.30659/akta. v9i1.20842
Edmiston, K. D. (2011). The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development. SSRN Electronic Journal, 73–97. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn. 993821
Fujita, K., & Yamada, A. (2022). Conflicts Between Parent Company and Non-Controlling Shareholders in Stakeholder-Oriented Corporate Governance: Evidence From Japan. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 23 (2), 263–283. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem. 2022.16060
Hadi Shubhan, M. (2019). Deconstructing Simple Evidence in Bankruptcy Petition for Legal Certainty. Indonesia Law Review, 9 (2), 66–108. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev. v9n2.527
Hidayat, A., Abas, M., & Purwana, D. (2023). Juridical Review of Bankruptcy Conditions and Delay of Debt Repayment Obligations. Awang Long Law Review, 6 (1), 231–236. https://doi.org/10.56301/awl.v6i1.992
Indonesia. (1847). Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang. Retrievedfromhttps://jdih.mahkamahagung.go.id/legal-product/kitab-undang-undang-hukum-dagang/detail.
Indonesia. (1847). Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata. Retrievedfromhttps://jdih.mahkamahagung.go.id/legal-product/kitab-undang-undang-hukum-perdata/detail.
Indonesia. (2004). Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang. Retrievedfromhttps://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/40784.
Indonesia. (2007). Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Retrievedfromhttps://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/39965.
Indonesia. (2023). Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2023 tentang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan. Retrievedfromhttps://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/240203/uu-no-4-tahun-2023.
Kartoningrat, R. B., & Krisharyanto, E. (2023). Principles of Statutory Duty and Fiduciary Duty in The Responsibility of The Bankruptcy Curator. Media Iuris, 6 (2), 205–230. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v6i2.37738
Karundeng, M. S. (2015). Akibat Hukum Terhadap Penjatuhan Pailit Pada Perseroan Terbatas (PT). Lex Et Societatis, 3 (4), 181–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35796/les. v3i4.8380
Kusbianto. (2019). Penelusuran dan Dokumentasi Hukum Ekonomi. Jurnal Bisnis Net, 2 (3), 24–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46576/bn. v2i3.422
Long, Y. (2020). The Fundamental Need of Reform in Company Law in England: Parent Company's Liability for Debt of Insolvent Subsidiary. Journal of Finance Research, 4 (2), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.26549/jfr. v4i2.5511
Mahkamah Agung. (1998). Putusan Nomor: 01 K/N/1998. Retrievedfromhttps://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/11905/mahkamah-agung-nomor-1-kn1998/history/.
Mahkamah Agung (2010). Putusan Nomor: 1038K/Pdt. Sus/2010. Retrievedfromhttps://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/e627826fbd1726dd0d7b718721040314.
Makmur, S. (2018). Penerapan Undang-Undang Kepailitan dalam Menciptakan Iklim Berusaha Yang Sehat Bagi Seluruh Pelaku Usaha. Ajudikasi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 2 (1), 97–115. https://doi.org/10.30656/ajudikasi. v2i1.599
Manikoe, A. I., Muhammad, A., & Pahlevi, R. (2023). Pengajuan Penundaan Pembayaran Utang Oleh PT. Petro Oil Tools Terhadap PT. Asia Petrocom Service. Jurnal Krisna Law, 5 (1), 97–108. https://ejournal.hukumunkris.id/index. php/krisnalaw/article/view/244
Marzuki, P. M. (2015). Penelitian Hukum Edisi Revisi. Prenadamedia Group.
Murphy, D. (1998). Holding Company Liability for Debts of its Subsidiaries: Corporate Governance Implications. Bond Law Review, 10 (2), 241–272. https://doi.org/10.53300/001c. 5317
Nasir, G. A. (2017). KEKOSONGAN HUKUM & PERCEPATAN PERKEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT. Jurnal Hukum Replik, 5 (2), 172. https://doi.org/10.31000/jhr. v5i2.925
Nugraheni, P. D. (2020). Legal Analysis of Shareholders as an Organ of The Company Viewed From Commercial Code. Law and Justice, 5 (2), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.23917/laj. v5i2.9808
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (n. d.). PT Inti Fasindo International (INFI). Retrieved August 27, 2023, from https://ojk.go.id/id/kanal/pasar-modal/Daftar Perusahaan/DPKJ/Perusahaan Perdagangan dan Perhubungan/PT Inti Fasindo International (INFI).pdf
Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial pada Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat. (2007). Putusan Nomor: 40/G/PHI.PN.JKT.PST.Retrievedfromhttps://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/28034/putusanpengadi an-hubungan-industrial-nomor-40gphipnjktpst/.
Pengadilan Niaga Jakarta Pusat. (1998). Putusan Nomor 05/Pailit/1998/PN. Niaga/ Jkt. Pst. Retrievedfromhttps://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/12127/putusan-pengadilanniaga-jakarta-pusat-nomor-5-pailit-1998-pnniaga-jktpst/.
Petrin, M., & Choudhury, B. (2018). Group Company Liability. European Business Organization Law Review, 19 (4), 771–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40804–018–0121–7
Purnama, V., Suryanti, N., & Rahmawati, E. (2023). Kedudukan dan Tanggung Jawab Induk Perusahaan Terhadap Pailitnya Anak Perusahaan. Mimbar Keadilan, 16 (1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.30996/mk.v16i1.6980
Purwanti, D. (2023). Company Group Affiliations and Corporate Bond Yield Spread: Study Non-financial Companies. Syntax Literate; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 7 (11), 16993–17008. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate. v7i9.14041
Ramsay, S. (2022). PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN DIREKSI ATAS KERUGIAN PERSEROAN DALAM PERUSAHAAN GRUP. JUSTISI, 8 (3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.33506/jurnaljustisi. v8i3.1823
Rasyidi, A. F. (2022). Private Limited Company in Indonesian Positive Law: Elaborating The Basic Concept of Corporate Law, Comparison to Other Countries and Its Development. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 22 (4), 465–482. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure. 2022. v22.465–482
SGPBusiness. (n. d.). CHUAN SOON HUAT INDUSTRIAL GROUP LTD. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.sgpbusiness.com/company/Chuan-Soon-Huat-Industrial-Group-Ltd
Simbolon, M. M., & Sitorus, Y. F. (2024). Ratio Legis of Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations to Fulfil Creditors» Rights. Jurnal Kajian Pembaruan Hukum, 4 (1), 121. https://doi.org/10.19184/jkph. v4i1.46303
Sjahdeini, S. R. (2009). Hukum Kepailitan: Memahami Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan. Pustaka Utama Grafiti.
Sufiarina, S., Ali, M., Mufrina, M., Maulana, A., & Tia, H. F. (2023). Legal Dynamics of Limited Liability Companies: Unveiling the Power of Commissioners and Shareholders to Take Legal Action Against Directors» Negligence. Unnes Law Journal, 9 (2), 265–288. https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj. v9i2.75526
Sulistiowati. (2012). Extension of Parent Company's Liability Against Third Parties of Subsidiary Company. Mimbar Hukum — Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada, Edisi Khus (1), 40–58. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh. 16156
Sulistiowati. (2013). Tanggung Jawab Hukum Pada Perusahaan Grup di Indonesia. Penerbit Erlangga.
Supramono, G. (2007). Kedudukan Perusahaan Sebagai Subjek Hukum Dalam Gugatan Perdata. Rineka Cipta.
Suryati, S., Sardana, L., & Disurya, R. (2022). Legal Analysis of Limited Company Which Was Submitted to Bankruptcy. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah Dan Masyarakat, 22 (1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani. v22i1.10801
Tempo. (n. d.). Sunjoto Tanudjaja, Harianto Solichin dll. Retrieved December 23, 2023, from https://www.datatempo.co/foto/detail/P0901200400304/sunjoto-tanudjaja-harianto-solichin-dll#:~:text=Presiden Direktur (Presdir) PT Great, kiri) %2C dan Direktur Keuangan PT
Widijowati, R. D., & Darmawan, H. (2020). Criminal Liability of Corporate Shareholders. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 5 (20), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc. 520004
Yuhelson & Maryono. (2018). The Priority Distribution of Wealth the Debtor's Bankrupt (Boedel Bankruptcy) Towards Separatist and Preferential of Creditor Based on Principles of Fairness and Legal. The Southeast Asia Law Journal, 2 (1), 1. https://doi.org/10.31479/salj. v2i1.66
Zhang, W. (2022). Liability of the Parent Company of MNEs for the Debts of Its Subsidiaries. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, 13–19. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss. v1i. 623
Опубликован
2024-12-26
Как цитировать
Annurdi, Budi Santoso, Hanif Nur Widhiyanti, Reka Dewantara IMPLEMENTATION OF PARENT COMPANY’S LIABILITY FOR BANKRUPTCY EXPERIENCED BY SUBSIDIARY: CASE IN INDONESIA // Российско-азиатский правовой журнал, 2024. Т. 40. С. 45-61 DOI: 10.14258/ralj45-61. URL: http://ralj.ru/article/view/45-61.
Раздел
ЧАСТНО-ПРАВОВЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
Copyright (c) 2024 Annurdi, Budi Santoso, Hanif Nur Widhiyanti, Reka Dewantara
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution» («Атрибуция») 4.0 Всемирная.
Авторы, публикующиеся в данном журнале, соглашаются со следующими условиями:
a. Авторы сохраняют за собой права на авторство своей работы и предоставляют журналу право первой публикации этой работы с правом после публикации распространять работу на условиях лицензии Creative Commons Attribution License, которая позволяет другим лицам свободно распространять опубликованную работу с обязательной ссылокой на авторов оригинальной работы и оригинальную публикацию в этом журнале.
b. Авторы сохраняют право заключать отдельные договора на неэксклюзивное распространение работы в том виде, в котором она была опубликована этим журналом (например, размещать работу в электронном архиве учреждения или публиковать в составе монографии), с условием сохраниения ссылки на оригинальную публикацию в этом журнале.
с. Политика журнала разрешает и поощряет размещение авторами в сети Интернет (например в институтском хранилище или на персональном сайте) рукописи работы как до ее подачи в редакцию, так и во время ее редакционной обработки, так как это способствует продуктивной научной дискуссии и положительно сказывается на оперативности и динамике цитирования статьи
